0 复杂句的逻辑习题

• 复杂句与复合句不同：
  • 复杂句：结构很复杂
  • 复合句：并列复合句和从属复合句

1. Embedded clauses 内嵌从句

• 主谓分离结构： 主语， 名词性从句/定语从句/状语从句， 谓语 …

• 主谓分离结构： The government, if recent reports can be trusted, has decided to raise interest rates. 内嵌了 if 引导的条件状语从句，将主语和谓语分离开了

• 主谓分离结构： The strikes which have caused serious disruption to travellers on a number of airlines in recent months are likely to continue if agreement is not reached. which 引导的定语从句，将主语和谓语分开

• 主谓分离结构： A bus which ran downhill out of control after its brakes failed crashed into a factory wall, damaging the premises and slightly several passengers.

• Why do the embedded clauses make the above sentences harder to read? They separate the subject from the verb.

  • Mr Andrews, when he saw the policeman, started running as fast as he could. 时间状语从句

  • A liverpool man who lives alone except for his cat has just won the lottery. 定语从句

  • Pasteur’s discovery that microscopic bacteria caused diseases revolutionised medicine. 同位语从句

2. descriptive phrases 描述性语言

• 主谓分离结构： The woman in the blue dress over there by the parking meter looks very like Susie.
• 主谓分离结构： That picture of the children standing in front of the palace talking to the Prime Minister is wonderful. standing 分词结构作状语

3. that 省略

• 当定语从句的引导词 / 先行词在从句中作宾语时，引导词可省

  • Several people ((that) Martin knew well [when he was at university years before]) had now become prominent members of the government.

• 当宾语从句引导词是 that 的时候，引导词可省

  • A man who claimed (that) he was an experienced surgeon and carried out several operations, had no medical training whatever

• 表语从句可以省略 that， 定语从句中当先行词是常见的时间名词，地点名词，原因名词，引导词为 when、where、why 时，可以直接去掉，如：the day … 、the way …

  • The spanner Oliver was trying to get the wheel-nuts off with was the wrong size. 定语从句， The spanner 做后面从句 with 的宾语
  • The spanner with which Oliver was trying to get the wheel-nuts off was the wrong size. 国外常用句型

4. 定语从句的省略

• 先行词 + 关系词 + be + doing / done / 形容词短语 / 介词结构，省略关系词 + be
• 状语从句的省略：
  • 前提： 主从主语皆相同
  • 省略对象： 从句主语 + 从句中的 be 动词
  • 省略后的结构： 状语从句引导词 + 分词/介词结构
• 例句：
  • Many of the objects (which were) recovered by the police were found to have been stolen from homes in the neighbourhood.
  • The majority of those (who were) interviewed were opposed to the recommend
  • Two wolves (which were) seen roaming in the New Forest are believed to have escaped from a nearby private zoo.
  • Most of the great museums (which were) built in the 19th century were partly fine by donations from wealthy philanthropists.

5. 规则变化的过去分词

• 看起来是过去式，但实际上是过去分词（做非谓语或者被动形式）
• 只有及物动词才有被动形式，要么及物动词 + 宾语，要么被动
  • A number of the children (who were) asked for comments on the proposal to expel some immigrants told the police (that) they disagreed.

6. 多重否定结构

• It was not that Mary didn’t believe that John had not been telling the truth.